Pseudo Redshifts of Gamma-Ray Bursts with a Plateau Phase

The X-ray afterglow of many gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) exhibits a plateau phase, which may be related to continued activities of the central engine. It has been found that there exists a so-called L–T–E correlation for these GRBs, which involves three key parameters, i.e., the isotropic gammaray energy Eiso of the prompt phase, the end time Ta of the plateau phase, and the corresponding X-ray luminosity Lx. In our recent study, we found that the L–T–E correlation can be used to derive a pesudo redshift for GRBs with a plateau phase. Based on the large sample of GRBs with such a pesudo redshift, statistical analysis is carried. Extended theories of electromagnetism and their impact on laboratory experiments and as-